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it happened between 3 and 4 am

  • 1 it happened between one and two

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > it happened between one and two

  • 2 between man and matt

    (between man and matt (тж. man to man))

    Man to man, what happened here? — Поговорим как мужчина с мужчиной: что, собственно, здесь произошло?

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > between man and matt

  • 3 between

    between [bɪ'twi:n]
    the crowd stood between him and the door la foule le séparait de la porte;
    the distance between the two towns la distance entre ou qui sépare les deux villes;
    it happened between 3 and 4 am cela s'est passé entre 3 heures et 4 heures (du matin);
    between now and this evening d'ici ce soir;
    I'm between jobs at the moment je suis entre deux emplois en ce moment;
    you'll have an hour between trains vous aurez une heure entre les deux trains;
    you shouldn't eat between meals tu ne devrais pas manger entre les repas ou en dehors des repas
    it will cost between 5 and 10 million ça coûtera entre 5 et 10 millions;
    children between the ages of 5 and 10 les enfants de 5 à 10 ans;
    somewhere between a half and a third (quelque chose) entre une moitié et un tiers;
    something between a laugh and a groan quelque chose entre un rire et un grognement
    (c) (indicating connection, relation) entre;
    a bus runs between the airport and the hotel un bus fait la navette entre l'aéroport et l'hôtel;
    it's a half-hour drive between home and the office il y a une demi-heure de route entre la maison et le bureau;
    a treaty between the two nations un traité entre les deux États;
    an argument between two experts une dispute entre deux experts;
    a contest between two heavyweight boxers un combat entre deux poids lourds;
    the difference/distinction between A and B la différence/distinction entre A et B;
    he drew a comparison between the two systems il a établi une comparaison entre les deux systèmes;
    he felt things weren't right between them il sentait que ça n'allait pas entre eux;
    no one can come between us personne ne peut nous séparer;
    between you and me, between ourselves entre nous;
    humorous between you, me and the gatepost or bedpost entre nous;
    this is strictly between ourselves or between you and me que cela reste entre nous
    I had to choose between going with them and staying at home il fallait que je choisisse entre les accompagner et rester à la maison
    between us we saved enough money for the trip à nous tous nous avons économisé assez d'argent pour le voyage;
    they have 7 children between them à eux deux ils ont 7 enfants;
    the 5 groups collected £1,000 between them les 5 groupes ont recueilli 1000 livres en tout;
    (in) between painting, writing and looking after the children, she was kept very busy entre la peinture, l'écriture et les enfants, elle était très occupée
    he divided it between his children il l'a partagé entre ses enfants;
    they shared the cake between them ils se sont partagé le gâteau
    a row of bushes with little clumps of flowers in between une rangée d'arbustes intercalés de petits bouquets de fleurs;
    he's neither right nor left but somewhere in between il n'est ni de droite ni de gauche mais quelque part entre les deux;
    she either plays very well or very badly, never in between elle joue très bien ou très mal, jamais entre les deux
    (b) (in time) entre-temps, dans l'intervalle
    entre
    ►► British old-fashioned between maid bonne f (qui aide la cuisinière et la femme de chambre)

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > between

  • 4 between

    1. [bıʹtwi:n] n
    1) что-л., занимающее промежуточное положение
    2) швейные иглы среднего размера
    2. [bıʹtwi:n] adv
    между

    he separated them by rushing between - он разнял их, бросившись между ними

    to go /to act/ between - действовать в качестве посредника

    3. [bıʹtwi:n] prep
    1. 1) положение предмета или его движение в каком-л. промежутке между; посреди

    there was a table between the door and the window - между дверью и окном стоял стол

    the river flows between wooded banks - река протекает меж лесистых берегов

    I don't want to stand between them - я не хочу стоять между ними; я не хочу мешать им

    between two fires - образн. между двух огней

    2) какой-л. вид связи между двумя пунктами между

    a train [a plane] between Moscow and Leningrad - поезд [самолёт] между Москвой и Ленинградом

    2. промежуток времени между какими-л. двумя моментами между

    between 1941 and 1945 - между 1941 и 1945 гг.

    3. неопределённость качества, количества, расстояния и т. п. около; (нечто среднее) между

    it is something between an armchair and a sofa - это нечто среднее между креслом и кушеткой

    4. связи, взаимодействие, отношения между

    agreement [coalition, war] between two [three] countries - соглашение [коалиция, война] между двумя [тремя] странами

    a marriage between Mr. A. and Mrs. B. - брак между господином А. и госпожой Б.

    between ourselves, between you and me - между нами, конфиденциально, по секрету

    5. распределение чего-л. между кем-л. между

    divide it between the two children [the members of the family] - поделите это между двумя детьми [между членами семьи]

    they dragged the boat out between them - совместными усилиями они вытащили лодку

    what's the difference between this and that? - какая разница между этим и тем?

    between her job and studies she has no time for fun - из-за работы и занятий у неё не остаётся времени на развлечения

    as between - юр. в отношениях между

    as between sellers and buyers - в отношениях между продавцами и покупателями

    in between - а) в промежуточном положении; б) посреди (чего-л.); окружённый (чем-л.)

    НБАРС > between

  • 5 between

    bɪˈtwi:n что-л, занимающее промежуточное положение швейные иглы среднего размера между - he separated them by rushing * он разнял их, бросившись между ними - to go * действовать в качестве посредника - the space * промежуточное пространство указывает на положение предмета или его движение в каком-л промежутке: между;
    посреди - there was a table * the door and the window между дверью и окном стоял стол - the river flows * wooded banks река протекает меж лесистых берегов - I don't want to stand * them я не хочу стоять между ними;
    я не хочу мешать им - * two fires( образное) между двух огней указывает на какой-л вид связи между двумя пунктами между - a train * Моscow and Leningrad поезд между Москвой и Ленинградом - a road runs * the two cities эти два города соединяются дорогой указывает на промежуток времени между какими-л двумя моментами между - * 1941 and 1945 между 1941 и 1945 гг. - it happened * one and two это случилось между часом и двумя - we went out * the acts в антракте мы вышли указывает на неопределенность качества, количества, расстояния около;
    (нечто среднее) между - * five and six miles away на расстоянии пяти-шести миль - it weighs * 50 and 60 kilos это весит 50-60 кг - it is something * an armchair and a sofa это нечто среднее между креслом и кушеткой указывает на связи, взаимодействие, отношения между - ageeement * two countries соглашение между двумя странами - a marriage * Mr. A. and Mrs. B. брак между господином А. и госпожой Б. - a look passed * them они обменялись взглядами - there was great friendship * them их связывала большая дружба - there was no love lost * them они друг друга терпеть не могли - * ourselves, * you and me между нами, конфиденциально, по секрету указывает на распределение чего-л между кем-л между - divide it * the two children поделите это между двумя детьми указывает на совместность усилий вместе - let us do it * us сделаем это вместе - they landed the fish * them все вместе они вытащили рыбу - they dragged the boat out * them совместными усилиями они вытащили лодку указывает на совместность владения на всех - they had 50 rubles * them у них было 50 рублей на всех указывает на сопоставление или выбор между - there is not mush resemblance * them между ними мало сходства - what's the difference * this and that? какая разница между этим и тем? - choose * them выберите что-нибудь одно указывает на результат взаимодействия нескольких факторов из-за - * her job and studies she has no time for fun из-за работы и занятий у нее не остается времени на развлечения в сочетаниях: - as * (юридическое) в отношениях между - as * sellers and buyers в отношениях между продавцами и покупателями - in * в промежуточном положении;
    посреди (чего-л) ;
    окруженный( чем-л)
    between между;
    visits are few and far between посещения редки ~ prep между;
    between the cup and the lip a morsel may slip посл. = не радуйся раньше времени betwixt: betwixt уст., поэт. см. between;
    betwixt and between ни то ни се 'tween: 'tween сокр. разг. between
    ~ hay and grass ни то ни се;
    ни рыба ни мясо;
    between ourselves, between you and me( and the bedpost) между нами, конфиденциально;
    between times, between whiles в промежутках
    ~ hay and grass ни то ни се;
    ни рыба ни мясо;
    between ourselves, between you and me (and the bedpost) между нами, конфиденциально;
    between times, between whiles в промежутках
    ~ prep между;
    between the cup and the lip a morsel may slip посл. = не радуйся раньше времени
    ~ the devil and the deep sea в безвыходном положении;
    между двух огней devil: to paint the ~ blacker than he is сгущать краски;
    between the devil and the deep sea = между двух огней;
    devil's own luck = чертовски везет;
    необыкновенное счастье
    ~ this and then на досуге;
    между делом;
    between wind and water в наиболее уязвимом месте
    ~ hay and grass ни то ни се;
    ни рыба ни мясо;
    between ourselves, between you and me (and the bedpost) между нами, конфиденциально;
    between times, between whiles в промежутках
    ~ hay and grass ни то ни се;
    ни рыба ни мясо;
    between ourselves, between you and me (and the bedpost) между нами, конфиденциально;
    between times, between whiles в промежутках
    ~ this and then на досуге;
    между делом;
    between wind and water в наиболее уязвимом месте wind: to raise the ~ sl раздобыть денег;
    between wind and water наиболее уязвимое место;
    to be in the wind sl. подвыпить
    ~ hay and grass ни то ни се;
    ни рыба ни мясо;
    between ourselves, between you and me (and the bedpost) между нами, конфиденциально;
    between times, between whiles в промежутках
    go ~ быть посредником go: ~ between быть посредником между;
    go beyond превышать( что-л.)
    between между;
    visits are few and far between посещения редки

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > between

  • 6 among

    prp среди, между Русскому между соответствуют английские among и between, значения которых, однако, различны. Between предполагает противопоставление обычно двух объектов: between two chairs, between you and me, between ourselves; it happened between five and six o'clock in the morning — между двумя стульями; это между нами/никому больше не говори; это произошло между 5 и 6 часами утра. Among подразумевает, как правило, несколько (т. е. больше двух) объектов, не предполагает противопоставления одной части объектов другой и употребляется для выделения одного предмета из общего числа:

    My brother was among the guests — Мой брат был среди гостей.

    Divide it among the children — Раздели это между детьми.

    English-Russian word troubles > among

  • 7 among

    [ə'mʌŋ]
    prp
    среди, между (употребляется для выделения из общего числа)
    - among other facts
    CHOICE OF WORDS:
    Русскому предлогу между соответствуют английские предлоги among и between, значения которых различны. Between предполагает противопоставление, обычно двух объектов: between two chairs между двумя стульями; between you and me/between ourselves это между нами/никому больше не говори; it happened between five and six o'clock in the morning g это произошло между 5 и 6 часами утра. Among употребляется, как правило, при наличии нескольких объектов и не предполагает их противопоставления: my brother was among the guests мой брат был среди гостей; divide it among the children раздели это между детьми

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > among

  • 8 the rest is history

    Общая лексика: остальное вам известно (Bob: Hey, what happened between you and Sue? Bill: Finally we realized that we could never get along, and the rest is history.), остальное всем известно, остальное вы знаете

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the rest is history

  • 9 whatchamacallit

    subst. \/ˈwɒtʃəməˌkɔːlɪt\/
    (amer., slang, betegnelse for person eller ting man har glemt eller vil unngå å nevne navnet til) han du vet, hun du vet, den du vet, han derre, hun derre, den derre
    what really happened between you and whatchamacallit last night?
    hva var det som egentlig hendte mellom deg og hun du vet, i går kveld?

    English-Norwegian dictionary > whatchamacallit

  • 10 now

    1. adverb
    1) jetzt; (nowadays) heutzutage; (immediately) [jetzt] sofort; (this time) jetzt [schon wieder]

    just now(very recently) gerade eben; (at this particular time) gerade jetzt

    [every] now and then or again — hin und wieder

    [it's] now or never! — jetzt oder nie!

    2) (not referring to time)

    now, now — na, na

    now, what happened is this... — also, passiert ist folgendes:...

    now thenna (ugs.)

    quickly now!nun aber schnell

    2. conjunction

    now [that]... — jetzt, wo od. da...

    3. noun

    now is the time to do somethinges ist jetzt an der Zeit, etwas zu tun

    up to or until now — bis jetzt

    a week from now — [heute] in einer Woche

    that's all for nowdas ist im Augenblick alles

    bye etc. for now! — (coll.) bis bald!

    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) ((at) the present period of time: I am now living in England.) jetzt
    2) (at once; immediately: I can't do it now - you'll have to wait.) jetzt
    3) ((at) this moment: He'll be at home now; From now on, I shall be more careful about what I say to her.) jetzt
    4) ((in stories) then; at that time: We were now very close to the city.) nun
    5) (because of what has happened etc: I now know better than to trust her.) jetzt
    6) (a word in explanations, warnings, commands, or to show disbelief: Now this is what happened; Stop that, now!; Do be careful, now.) jetzt
    2. conjunction
    ((often with that) because or since something has happened, is now true etc: Now that you are here, I can leave; Now you have left school, you will have to find a job.) jetzt wo
    - academic.ru/50616/nowadays">nowadays
    - for now
    - just now
    - every now and then/again
    - now and then/again
    - now
    - now! - now then
    * * *
    [AM ˈnaʊ]
    n AM FIN abbrev of negotiable order of withdrawal übertragbare Zahlungsanweisung, übertragbarer Abhebungsauftrag
    \NOW account NOW-Konto nt, verzinsliches Girokonto (über das mit übertragbaren Zahlungsanweisungen verfügt werden kann)
    * * *
    [naʊ]
    1. adv
    1) jetzt, nun; (= immediately) jetzt, sofort, gleich; (= at this very moment) gerade, (so)eben; (= nowadays) heute, heutzutage

    she now realized why... — nun or da erkannte sie, warum...

    do it ( right) now — mach es jetzt (sofort)

    even now it's not right —

    what is it now?was ist denn jetzt or nun schon wieder?

    by now (present, past) — inzwischen, mittlerweile

    they have/had never met before now — sie haben sich bis jetzt/sie hatten sich bis dahin noch nie getroffen

    before now it was thought... — früher dachte man, dass...

    I've been there before nowich war schon (früher) da

    for now(jetzt) erst einmal, im Moment, vorläufig

    any day/moment now — jetzt jeden Tag/Moment

    from now on( wards) — von nun an

    from now until then —

    up to now, till now, until now — bis jetzt

    2)

    (alternation) now... now — bald... bald

    (every) now and then, now and again — ab und zu, von Zeit zu Zeit, gelegentlich

    2. conj
    1)

    now (that) you've seen him — jetzt, wo Sie ihn gesehen haben, nun, da Sie ihn gesehen haben (geh)

    2) (in explanation etc) nun
    3. interj
    also

    now, now! — na, na!

    come now, don't exaggerate — nun übertreib mal nicht

    now, why didn't I think of that? — warum habe ich bloß nicht daran gedacht?

    * * *
    now [naʊ]
    A adv
    1. nun, gegenwärtig, jetzt:
    from now (on), as of now von jetzt an;
    up to now bis jetzt
    2. sofort
    3. eben, soeben:
    just now gerade eben, (erst) vor ein paar Minuten
    4. (in der Erzählung) nun, dann, darauf, damals
    5. (nicht zeitlich) nun (aber):
    B konj auch now that nun aber da, nun da, da nun, jetzt wo:
    now he is gone nun da er fort ist
    C s poet Jetzt n
    D adj sl modern:
    it’s a now tendency to do sth es ist gerade in, etwas zu tunBesondere Redewendungen: before now
    a) schon einmal, schon früher,
    b) früher, eher, vorher by now mittlerweile, jetzt, inzwischen;
    now if wenn (nun) aber;
    how now? nun?, was gibt’s?, was soll das heißen?;
    what is it now? was ist jetzt schon wieder los?;
    now … now bald … bald;
    now and again, now and then, (every) now and then von Zeit zu Zeit, hie(r) und da, dann und wann, gelegentlich, mitunter;
    now then (nun) also;
    what now? was nun?;
    it’s now or never jetzt oder nie
    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) jetzt; (nowadays) heutzutage; (immediately) [jetzt] sofort; (this time) jetzt [schon wieder]

    just now (very recently) gerade eben; (at this particular time) gerade jetzt

    [every] now and then or again — hin und wieder

    [it's] now or never! — jetzt oder nie!

    now, now — na, na

    now, what happened is this... — also, passiert ist folgendes:...

    now thenna (ugs.)

    2. conjunction

    now [that]... — jetzt, wo od. da...

    3. noun

    now is the time to do something — es ist jetzt an der Zeit, etwas zu tun

    up to or until now — bis jetzt

    a week from now — [heute] in einer Woche

    bye etc. for now! — (coll.) bis bald!

    * * *
    adv.
    eben adv.
    jetzt adv.
    nun adv.
    nunmehr adv.

    English-german dictionary > now

  • 11 NOW

    1. adverb
    1) jetzt; (nowadays) heutzutage; (immediately) [jetzt] sofort; (this time) jetzt [schon wieder]

    just now(very recently) gerade eben; (at this particular time) gerade jetzt

    [every] now and then or again — hin und wieder

    [it's] now or never! — jetzt oder nie!

    2) (not referring to time)

    now, now — na, na

    now, what happened is this... — also, passiert ist folgendes:...

    now thenna (ugs.)

    quickly now!nun aber schnell

    2. conjunction

    now [that]... — jetzt, wo od. da...

    3. noun

    now is the time to do somethinges ist jetzt an der Zeit, etwas zu tun

    up to or until now — bis jetzt

    a week from now — [heute] in einer Woche

    that's all for nowdas ist im Augenblick alles

    bye etc. for now! — (coll.) bis bald!

    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) ((at) the present period of time: I am now living in England.) jetzt
    2) (at once; immediately: I can't do it now - you'll have to wait.) jetzt
    3) ((at) this moment: He'll be at home now; From now on, I shall be more careful about what I say to her.) jetzt
    4) ((in stories) then; at that time: We were now very close to the city.) nun
    5) (because of what has happened etc: I now know better than to trust her.) jetzt
    6) (a word in explanations, warnings, commands, or to show disbelief: Now this is what happened; Stop that, now!; Do be careful, now.) jetzt
    2. conjunction
    ((often with that) because or since something has happened, is now true etc: Now that you are here, I can leave; Now you have left school, you will have to find a job.) jetzt wo
    - academic.ru/50616/nowadays">nowadays
    - for now
    - just now
    - every now and then/again
    - now and then/again
    - now
    - now! - now then
    * * *
    [AM ˈnaʊ]
    n AM FIN abbrev of negotiable order of withdrawal übertragbare Zahlungsanweisung, übertragbarer Abhebungsauftrag
    \NOW account NOW-Konto nt, verzinsliches Girokonto (über das mit übertragbaren Zahlungsanweisungen verfügt werden kann)
    * * *
    [naʊ]
    1. adv
    1) jetzt, nun; (= immediately) jetzt, sofort, gleich; (= at this very moment) gerade, (so)eben; (= nowadays) heute, heutzutage

    she now realized why... — nun or da erkannte sie, warum...

    do it ( right) now — mach es jetzt (sofort)

    even now it's not right —

    what is it now?was ist denn jetzt or nun schon wieder?

    by now (present, past) — inzwischen, mittlerweile

    they have/had never met before now — sie haben sich bis jetzt/sie hatten sich bis dahin noch nie getroffen

    before now it was thought... — früher dachte man, dass...

    I've been there before nowich war schon (früher) da

    for now(jetzt) erst einmal, im Moment, vorläufig

    any day/moment now — jetzt jeden Tag/Moment

    from now on( wards) — von nun an

    from now until then —

    up to now, till now, until now — bis jetzt

    2)

    (alternation) now... now — bald... bald

    (every) now and then, now and again — ab und zu, von Zeit zu Zeit, gelegentlich

    2. conj
    1)

    now (that) you've seen him — jetzt, wo Sie ihn gesehen haben, nun, da Sie ihn gesehen haben (geh)

    2) (in explanation etc) nun
    3. interj
    also

    now, now! — na, na!

    come now, don't exaggerate — nun übertreib mal nicht

    now, why didn't I think of that? — warum habe ich bloß nicht daran gedacht?

    * * *
    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) jetzt; (nowadays) heutzutage; (immediately) [jetzt] sofort; (this time) jetzt [schon wieder]

    just now (very recently) gerade eben; (at this particular time) gerade jetzt

    [every] now and then or again — hin und wieder

    [it's] now or never! — jetzt oder nie!

    now, now — na, na

    now, what happened is this... — also, passiert ist folgendes:...

    now thenna (ugs.)

    2. conjunction

    now [that]... — jetzt, wo od. da...

    3. noun

    now is the time to do something — es ist jetzt an der Zeit, etwas zu tun

    up to or until now — bis jetzt

    a week from now — [heute] in einer Woche

    bye etc. for now! — (coll.) bis bald!

    * * *
    adv.
    eben adv.
    jetzt adv.
    nun adv.
    nunmehr adv.

    English-german dictionary > NOW

  • 12 now

    [naʊ] 1.
    1) adesso, ora
    2) (at once) adesso, subito

    5 days from now — da qui a 5 giorni, tra 5 giorni

    5) (at that moment, then)

    now fast, now slowly — ora velocemente, ora lentamente

    (every) now and then o now and again — di quando in quando, di tanto in tanto, ogni tanto, a volte

    8) (introducing information, opinion)
    9) (in requests, warnings, reprimands)

    now let's see — allora, vediamo

    there now, what did I tell you? — allora, cosa ti avevo detto?

    now then, let's get down to work — bene, riprendiamo il lavoro

    2.
    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) ((at) the present period of time: I am now living in England.) ora, adesso
    2) (at once; immediately: I can't do it now - you'll have to wait.) adesso, subito
    3) ((at) this moment: He'll be at home now; From now on, I shall be more careful about what I say to her.) adesso, ora
    4) ((in stories) then; at that time: We were now very close to the city.) allora, ormai
    5) (because of what has happened etc: I now know better than to trust her.) adesso, ora
    6) (a word in explanations, warnings, commands, or to show disbelief: Now this is what happened; Stop that, now!; Do be careful, now.) dunque
    2. conjunction
    ((often with that) because or since something has happened, is now true etc: Now that you are here, I can leave; Now you have left school, you will have to find a job.) ora (che)
    - for now
    - just now
    - every now and then/again
    - now and then/again
    - now
    - now!
    - now then
    * * *
    [naʊ] 1.
    1) adesso, ora
    2) (at once) adesso, subito

    5 days from now — da qui a 5 giorni, tra 5 giorni

    5) (at that moment, then)

    now fast, now slowly — ora velocemente, ora lentamente

    (every) now and then o now and again — di quando in quando, di tanto in tanto, ogni tanto, a volte

    8) (introducing information, opinion)
    9) (in requests, warnings, reprimands)

    now let's see — allora, vediamo

    there now, what did I tell you? — allora, cosa ti avevo detto?

    now then, let's get down to work — bene, riprendiamo il lavoro

    2.

    English-Italian dictionary > now

  • 13 come

    1. past tense - came; verb
    1) (to move etc towards the person speaking or writing, or towards the place being referred to by him: Come here!; Are you coming to the dance?; John has come to see me; Have any letters come for me?) venir
    2) (to become near or close to something in time or space: Christmas is coming soon.) llegar
    3) (to happen or be situated: The letter `d' comes between `c' and è' in the alphabet.) venir
    4) ((often with to) to happen (by accident): How did you come to break your leg?) suceder
    5) (to arrive at (a certain state etc): What are things coming to? We have come to an agreement.) llegar a
    6) ((with to) (of numbers, prices etc) to amount (to): The total comes to 51.) subir a, ser

    2. interjection
    (expressing disapproval, drawing attention etc: Come, come! That was very rude of you!) ¡vamos!
    - coming
    - comeback
    - comedown
    - come about
    - come across
    - come along
    - come by
    - come down
    - come into one's own
    - come off
    - come on
    - come out
    - come round
    - come to
    - come to light
    - come upon
    - come up with
    - come what may
    - to come

    come vb venir
    come here please ven aquí, por favor
    A veces, come se traduce por ir
    do you want to come with me? ¿quieres ir conmigo?
    tr[kʌm]
    intransitive verb (pt came tr[keɪm], pp come tr[kʌm], ger coming)
    1 (gen) venir
    you must come and visit us! ¡tienes que venir a visitarnos!
    can you come to dinner on Saturday? ¿puedes venir a cenar el sábado?
    are you coming? ¿(te) vienes?
    can I come with you? ¿puedo ir contigo?
    coming! ¡ya voy!
    2 (arrive) llegar
    what time does he come home? ¿a qué hora llega a casa?
    3 (occupy place, position) llegar
    4 (reach) llegar
    5 (happen) suceder
    it came to pass that... sucedió que...
    how did you come to live here? ¿cómo es que vives aquí?
    6 (be available) venir, suministrarse
    7 (become) hacerse
    9 slang (have orgasm) correrse
    1 (behave, play the part) hacerse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    come again? ¿cómo?, ¿qué?
    come off it! ¡venga ya!, ¡anda ya!
    come what may pase lo que pase
    to be as... as they come ser lo más... que hay
    to come and go ir y venir
    to come as a shock/surprise to somebody ser un susto/sorpresa para alguien
    to come clean confesar, cantar
    to come down on somebody's side ponerse de parte de alguien
    to come easily to somebody resultarle fácil a alguien
    to come in handy / come in useful ser útil, resultar útil, venir bien
    to come into being nacer, ver la luz
    to come into fashion ponerse de moda
    to come into force entrar en vigor
    to come into the world nacer, ver la luz
    to come of age llegar a la mayoría de edad
    to come out in favour of something / come out against something declararse a favor de algo / declararse en contra de algo
    to come to an end acabar, terminar, tocar a su fin
    to come to nothing llegar a nada, quedar en nada, quedar en agua de borrajas
    to come to one's senses (regain consciousness) volver en sí 2 (see sense) recobrar la razón
    to come together (people) juntarse, reunirse 2 (ideas) cuajar
    to come true hacerse realidad
    to have it coming (to one) tenérselo merecido
    to see something coming ver algo venir
    to take life as it comes aceptar la vida tal y como se presenta
    when it comes to... en cuanto a...
    come ['kʌm] vi, came ['keɪm] ; come ; coming
    1) approach: venir, aproximarse
    here they come: acá vienen
    2) arrive: venir, llegar, alcanzar
    they came yesterday: vinieron ayer
    3) originate: venir, provenir
    this wine comes from France: este vino viene de Francia
    4) amount: llegar, ascender
    the investment came to two million: la inversión llegó a dos millones
    5)
    to come clean : confesar, desahogar la conciencia
    6)
    to come into acquire: adquirir
    to come into a fortune: heredar una fortuna
    7)
    to come off succeed: tener éxito, ser un éxito
    8)
    to come out : salir, aparecer, publicarse
    9)
    to come to revive: recobrar el conocimiento, volver en sí
    to come to pass happen: acontecer
    to come to terms : llegar a un acuerdo
    interj.
    ven interj.
    venga interj.
    p.p.
    (Participio pasivo de "to come")
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: came, come) = ir v.
    (§pres: voy, vas...) subj: vay-, imp: ib-, pret: fu-•)
    llegar v.
    ocurrir v.
    provenir v.
    (§pres: -vengo, -vienes...-venimos), pret: -vin-, fut: -vendr-•)
    venir v.
    (§pres: vengo, vienes...venimos), pret: vin-, fut: vendr-•)
    kʌm
    1.
    intransitive verb (past came; past p come)
    1)
    a) (advance, approach, travel) venir*

    have you come far? — ¿vienes de lejos?

    as I was coming up/down the stairs — cuando subía/bajaba (por) las escaleras

    we've come a long way since... — ( made much progress) hemos avanzado mucho desde que...; ( many things have happened) ha llovido mucho desde que...

    come and get it! — (colloq) a comer!

    b) (be present, visit, accompany) venir*

    can I come with you? — ¿puedo ir contigo?, ¿te puedo acompañar?

    to come as something: Sue's coming as a clown — Sue va a venir (vestida) de payaso

    2)
    a) ( arrive)

    what time are you coming? — ¿a qué hora vas a venir?

    after a while, you'll come to a crossroads — al cabo de un rato, llegarás a un cruce

    I'm coming, I won't be a moment — enseguida voy

    to come about something — venir* por algo

    to come for something/somebody — venir* a buscar algo/a alguien, venir* a por algo/alguien (Esp)

    b)

    to come and go — ir* y venir*

    Presidents come and go, the problems remain the same — los presidentes cambian pero los problemas son siempre los mismos

    3)
    a) (occur in time, context)
    b) (as prep) para
    c)

    to come — ( in the future) (as adv)

    in years to come — en años venideros, en el futuro

    4) (extend, reach) (+ adv compl) llegar*
    5) ( be gained)

    it'll come, just keep practicing — ya te va a salir or lo vas a lograr; sigue practicando

    driving didn't come easily to meaprender a manejar or (Esp) conducir no me fue or no me resultó fácil

    6) (be available, obtainable) (+ adv compl) venir*

    to come with something: the car comes with the job el coche te lo dan con el trabajo; it comes with instructions viene con or trae instrucciones; these watches don't come cheap estos relojes no son nada baratos; he's as silly as they come — es de lo más tonto que hay

    7) (+ adv compl)
    a) (in sequence, list, structure)
    b) (in race, competition) llegar*

    to come first — ( in a race) llegar* el primero; ( in an exam) quedar or salir* el primero

    c) ( be ranked) estar*
    8)
    a) ( become) (+ adj compl)

    to come to + inf — llegar* a + inf

    how do you come to be here? — ¿cómo es que estás aquí?

    I could have done it yesterday, come to think of it — lo podría haber hecho ayer, ahora que lo pienso

    9) ( have orgasm) (colloq) venirse* or (Esp) correrse or (AmS) acabar (arg)

    come, come! — vamos, vamos!, dale! (CS fam)

    come again? — (colloq) ¿qué? or (AmL fam) ¿qué qué?

    how come? — (colloq) ¿cómo?

    how come you didn't know? — ¿cómo es que no sabías?


    2.
    vt (BrE)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [kʌm] (pt came) (pp come)
    1. VI
    1) (gen) venir; (=arrive) llegar

    when did he come? — ¿cuándo llegó?

    (I'm) coming! — ¡voy!, ¡ya voy!

    he came running/dashing etc in — entró corriendo/volando etc

    the day/time will come when... — ya llegará el día/la hora (en) que...

    we'll come after you — te seguiremos

    come and see us soon — ven a vernos pronto

    it may come as a surprise to you... — puede que te asombre or (LAm) extrañe...

    to come for sth/sb — venir por or (LAm) pasar por algo/algn

    to come from(=stem from) [word, custom] venir de, proceder de, provenir de; (=originate from) [person] ser de

    she has just come from Londonacaba de venir or (LAm) regresar de Londres

    where do you come from? — ¿de dónde eres?

    I don't know where you're coming from(US) * no alcanzo a comprender la base de tu argumento

    to come and goir y venir

    the picture comes and goes — (TV) un momento tenemos imagen y al siguiente no

    come homeven a casa

    it never came into my mind — no pasó siquiera por mi mente

    we came to a village — llegamos a un pueblo

    when it comes to choosing, I prefer wine — si tengo que elegir, prefiero vino

    when it comes to mathematics... — en cuanto a or en lo que se refiere a las matemáticas...

    when your turn comes — cuando llegue tu turno

    they have come a long way — (lit) han venido desde muy lejos; (fig) han llegado muy lejos

    come with me — ven conmigo

    2) (=have its place) venir

    work comes before pleasure — primero el trabajo, luego la diversión

    3) (=happen) pasar, ocurrir

    how does this chair come to be broken? — ¿cómo es que esta silla está rota?

    how come? * — ¿cómo es eso?, ¿cómo así?, ¿por qué?

    how come you don't know? * — ¿cómo es que no lo sabes?

    no good will come of it — de eso no saldrá nada bueno

    that's what comes of being carelesseso es lo que pasa or ocurre por la falta de cuidado

    no harm will come to him — no le pasará nada

    come what may — pase lo que pase

    4) (=be, become)

    now I come to think of it — ahora que lo pienso, pensándolo bien

    it came to pass that... — liter aconteció que...

    those shoes come in two colours — esos zapatos vienen en dos colores

    the button has come looseel botón se ha soltado

    it comes naturally to him — lo hace sin esfuerzo, no le cuesta nada hacerlo

    it'll all come right in the end — al final, todo se arreglará

    my dreams came truemis sueños se hicieron realidad

    5) ** (=have orgasm) correrse (Sp) ***, acabar (LAm) ***

    come again? * — ¿cómo (dice)?

    he's as good as they come — es bueno como él solo

    they don't come any better than that — mejores no los hay

    to come between two people — (=interfere) meterse or entrometerse entre dos personas; (=separate) separar a dos personas

    cars like that don't come cheaplos coches así no son baratos

    come, come! — ¡vamos!

    the new ruling comes into force next year — la nueva ley entra en vigor el año que viene

    I don't know whether I'm coming or goingno sé lo que me hago

    he had it coming to him *se lo tenía bien merecido

    if it comes to itllegado el caso

    oh, come now! — ¡vamos!

    I could see it coming — lo veía venir

    come to that... — si vamos a eso...

    in (the) years to come — en los años venideros

    2.
    VT

    don't come that game with me! * — ¡no me vengas con esos cuentos!

    that's coming it a bit strong — eso me parece algo exagerado, no es para tanto

    COME, GO Although c ome and venir usually imply motion towards the speaker while go and ir imply motion away from them, there are some differences between the two languages. In English we sometimes describe movement as if from the other person's perspective. In Spanish, this is not the case. ► For example when someone calls you:
    I'm coming Ya voy ► Making arrangements over the phone or in a letter:
    I'll come and pick you up at four Iré a recogerte a las cuatro
    Can I come too? ¿Puedo ir yo también?
    Shall I come with you? ¿Voy contigo? ► So, use ir rather than venir when going towards someone else or when joining them to go on somewhere else. ► Compare:
    Are you coming with us? (viewed from the speaker's perspective) ¿(Te) vienes con nosotros? For further uses and examples, see come, go
    * * *
    [kʌm]
    1.
    intransitive verb (past came; past p come)
    1)
    a) (advance, approach, travel) venir*

    have you come far? — ¿vienes de lejos?

    as I was coming up/down the stairs — cuando subía/bajaba (por) las escaleras

    we've come a long way since... — ( made much progress) hemos avanzado mucho desde que...; ( many things have happened) ha llovido mucho desde que...

    come and get it! — (colloq) a comer!

    b) (be present, visit, accompany) venir*

    can I come with you? — ¿puedo ir contigo?, ¿te puedo acompañar?

    to come as something: Sue's coming as a clown — Sue va a venir (vestida) de payaso

    2)
    a) ( arrive)

    what time are you coming? — ¿a qué hora vas a venir?

    after a while, you'll come to a crossroads — al cabo de un rato, llegarás a un cruce

    I'm coming, I won't be a moment — enseguida voy

    to come about something — venir* por algo

    to come for something/somebody — venir* a buscar algo/a alguien, venir* a por algo/alguien (Esp)

    b)

    to come and go — ir* y venir*

    Presidents come and go, the problems remain the same — los presidentes cambian pero los problemas son siempre los mismos

    3)
    a) (occur in time, context)
    b) (as prep) para
    c)

    to come — ( in the future) (as adv)

    in years to come — en años venideros, en el futuro

    4) (extend, reach) (+ adv compl) llegar*
    5) ( be gained)

    it'll come, just keep practicing — ya te va a salir or lo vas a lograr; sigue practicando

    driving didn't come easily to meaprender a manejar or (Esp) conducir no me fue or no me resultó fácil

    6) (be available, obtainable) (+ adv compl) venir*

    to come with something: the car comes with the job el coche te lo dan con el trabajo; it comes with instructions viene con or trae instrucciones; these watches don't come cheap estos relojes no son nada baratos; he's as silly as they come — es de lo más tonto que hay

    7) (+ adv compl)
    a) (in sequence, list, structure)
    b) (in race, competition) llegar*

    to come first — ( in a race) llegar* el primero; ( in an exam) quedar or salir* el primero

    c) ( be ranked) estar*
    8)
    a) ( become) (+ adj compl)

    to come to + inf — llegar* a + inf

    how do you come to be here? — ¿cómo es que estás aquí?

    I could have done it yesterday, come to think of it — lo podría haber hecho ayer, ahora que lo pienso

    9) ( have orgasm) (colloq) venirse* or (Esp) correrse or (AmS) acabar (arg)

    come, come! — vamos, vamos!, dale! (CS fam)

    come again? — (colloq) ¿qué? or (AmL fam) ¿qué qué?

    how come? — (colloq) ¿cómo?

    how come you didn't know? — ¿cómo es que no sabías?


    2.
    vt (BrE)
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > come

  • 14 then

    ðen
    1. adverb
    1) (at that time in the past or future: I was at school then; If you're coming next week, I'll see you then.) entonces, en ese/aquel momento
    2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) entonces, ese/aquel momento
    3) (after that: I had a drink, (and) then I went home.) entonces; después
    4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) entonces
    5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) entonces
    6) (also; in addition: I have two brothers, and then I have a cousin in America.) además

    2. conjunction
    (in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) entonces, en ese caso

    3. adjective
    (at that time (in the past): the then Prime Minister.) entonces
    then adv
    1. entonces / en aquella época
    I was born in 1920, life was harder then yo nací en 1920, entonces la vida era más dura
    2. entonces / luego / después
    3. pues / entonces
    if you don't like it, then don't eat it si no te gusta, pues no te lo comas
    tr[ðen]
    1 (at that time) entonces
    2 (next) luego, después, entonces
    3 (besides) además
    4 (so, therefore) entonces, así que; (in that case) entonces, pues
    you've come back then? ¿así que has vuelto?
    if you don't want to go, then don't si no quieres ir, pues no vayas
    1 (de) entonces
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    but then pero claro
    by then para entonces
    from then on a partir de entonces, desde entonces
    now and then de vez en cuando
    now then pues bien, ahora bien
    since then desde entonces
    then again también
    there and then en el acto, en el mismo momento
    until then / till then hasta entonces
    then ['ðɛn] adv
    1) : entonces, en ese tiempo
    I was sixteen then: tenía entonces dieciséis años
    since then: desde entonces
    2) next: después, luego
    we'll go to Toronto, then to Winnipeg: iremos a Toronto, y luego a Winnipeg
    3) besides: además, aparte
    then there's the tax: y aparte está el impuesto
    4) : entonces, en ese caso
    if you like music, then you should attend: si te gusta la música, entonces deberías asistir
    then adj
    : entonces
    the then governor of Georgia: el entonces gobernador de Georgia
    adj.
    de entonces adj.
    adv.
    allí adv.
    después adv.
    entonces adv.
    luego adv.
    pues adv.
    conj.
    conque conj.
    luego conj.
    por tanto conj.
    pues conj.

    I ðen
    1)
    a) ( at that time) entonces

    it was then that I rememberedfue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé

    b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)
    2) (after prep)

    from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces

    (up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces

    3)
    a) (next, afterward) después, luego
    b) ( in those circumstances) entonces

    you might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?

    what then? — ¿entonces qué?

    c) (besides, in addition) además
    4)
    b) ( in that case) entonces

    you try doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!

    5)

    II
    adjective (before n) entonces
    [ðen]
    1. ADV
    1) (=at that time) entonces; (=on that occasion) en aquel momento, en aquella ocasión; (=at that period in time) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón frm

    it was then that... — fue entonces cuando...

    then he used to go out, but now he never does — entonces or en aquella época salía, pero ahora no sale nunca

    before then, she couldn't remember anything that had happened before then — no podía recordar nada de lo que había ocurrido hasta entonces or hasta ese momento

    by then — para entonces

    even then, they existed even then, in 1953 — existían incluso entonces, en 1953

    even then it didn't work — aún así, no funcionaba

    from then on — desde aquel momento, desde entonces, a partir de entonces

    just then, just then he came in — entró justo entonces

    (every) now and then — de vez en cuando

    since then — desde entonces

    he wanted it done then and therequería que lo hicieran en el acto or en ese mismo momento

    until then — hasta entonces

    2) (=afterwards, next) después, luego

    then we went to Jacadespués or luego fuimos a Jaca

    what happened then? — ¿qué pasó después or luego?

    I chop the onions and then what? — pico las cebollas, ¿y luego qué?

    now 1., 6)
    3) (=in that case) entonces

    what do you want me to do then? — ¿entonces, qué quieres que haga?

    "but I don't want a new one" - "what do you want then?" — -pero yo no quiero uno nuevo -¿pues, qué es lo que quieres entonces?

    then you don't want it? — ¿así que no lo quieres?

    can't you hear me then? — ¿es que no me oyes?, ¿pues or entonces no me oyes?

    "it doesn't work" - "well then, we'll buy another one" — -no funciona -bueno, pues entonces compraremos otro

    4) (=furthermore) además

    it would be awkward at work, and then there's the family — en el trabajo habría problemas, y además tengo que pensar en la familia

    this, then, was the situation at the beginning of his reign — esta era, pues, or esta era, por (lo) tanto, la situación al principio de su reinado

    6) (=having said that)

    and or but then againpor otra parte

    I like it, but then I'm biased — a mí sí me gusta, pero yo no soy objetivo

    but then, you never can tell — pero vamos, nunca se sabe

    2.
    ADJ entonces, de entonces

    the then Labour government — el gobierno laborista de entonces, el entonces gobierno, que era laborista

    THEN
    Time
    When then means "at that time", translate using entonces:
    It was then that she heard Gwen cry out Fue entonces cuando oyó gritar a Gwen
    I hadn't heard about it till then Hasta entonces no había oído hablar de ello ► Alternatively, use expressions like en aquella época t o refer to a particular period or en ese momento to refer to a particular moment:
    ... my sister, who was then about 17...... mi hermana, que en aquella época tenía unos 17 años... or que tenía entonces unos 17 años... ► When then is used in the sense of "next", translate using luego or después:
    At first he refused but then he changed his mind Primero se negó, pero luego or después cambió de opinión
    He went to Julián's house and then to the chemist's Fue a casa de Julián y luego or después a la farmacia
    Reason
    When then means "so" or "in that case", translate using entonces (placed at the beginning of the sentence):
    "I have a headache" - "So you won't be coming to the theatre, then?" "Me duele la cabeza" - "¿Entonces no vienes al teatro?"
    Then you'll already know about the bomb Entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► Alternatively, use pues entonces:
    Then you'll already know about the bomb Pues entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► In more formal and written language, use por ( lo) tanto or alternatively, pues, particularly when you are introducing a summary or a conclusion. These often appear between commas:
    Their decision, then, was based on a detailed analysis of the situation Su decisión, pues, or Su decisión, por (lo) tanto, estaba basada en un análisis detallado de la situación For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I [ðen]
    1)
    a) ( at that time) entonces

    it was then that I rememberedfue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé

    b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)
    2) (after prep)

    from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces

    (up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces

    3)
    a) (next, afterward) después, luego
    b) ( in those circumstances) entonces

    you might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?

    what then? — ¿entonces qué?

    c) (besides, in addition) además
    4)
    b) ( in that case) entonces

    you try doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!

    5)

    II
    adjective (before n) entonces

    English-spanish dictionary > then

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 somewhere

    adverb ((American someplace) (in or to) some place not known or not named: They live somewhere in London; I won't be at home tonight - I'm going somewhere for dinner.) en algún lugar
    somewhere adv en algún sitio / en alguna parte
    can't we go somewhere else? ¿no podemos ir a otra parte?
    do you know somewhere nice? ¿conoces algún sitio que esté bien?
    tr['sʌmweəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (in some place) en alguna parte; (to some place) a alguna parte
    2 (approximately) más o menos, alrededor de
    1 un lugar, un sitio
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    somewhere else (in) en otra parte, en otro sitio 2 (to) a otra parte, a otro sitio
    to get somewhere empezar a hacer progresos, empezar a marchar la cosa
    somewhere ['sʌm.hwɛr] adv
    1) : en alguna parte, a algún lugar
    2)
    somewhere else : en otro sitio
    adv.
    en alguna parte adv.
    pron.
    en alguna parte pron.

    I 'sʌmhwer, 'sʌmweə(r)
    1) (in, at, to a place)

    it must be somewhere in your office — tiene que estar en tu despacho, en algún lado or sitio or lugar

    shall we go somewhere else? — ¿vamos a otro sitio or lugar or lado?

    to get somewhere — avanzar*, adelantar

    we spent somewhere around $10,000 — gastamos cerca de or alrededor de 10.000 dólares


    II

    will there be somewhere open? — ¿habrá algo (or algún sitio etc) abierto?

    ['sʌmwɛǝ(r)]
    1. ADV
    1) (location) en alguna parte, en algún lugar, en algún sitio; (direction) a alguna parte, a algún lugar or sitio

    let's go somewhere privatevamos a algún sitio or lugar donde podamos estar solos

    he's somewhere aroundanda por ahí

    somewhere else (location) en otra parte; (direction) a otra parte, a otro sitio

    the bar was full so we decided to go somewhere else — el bar estaba lleno, así es que decidimos ir a otra parte or a otro sitio

    she lives somewhere in Wales — vive en algún lugar or en alguna parte de Gales

    somewhere near Huesca — cerca de Huesca, en algún lugar or sitio cerca de Huesca

    I left it somewhere or otherlo dejé en alguna parte or en algún sitio, lo dejé por ahí

    somewhere along the line —

    - get somewhere

    now we're getting somewhere — ahora sí que estamos haciendo progresos, ahora sí que estamos consiguiendo algo

    2) (=approximately)

    somewhere around three o'clock — alrededor de las tres, a eso de las tres

    he's been given somewhere between three and six months to live — le han dado entre tres y seis meses de vida

    he's somewhere in his fifties — tiene cincuenta y tantos años

    he paid somewhere in the region of £1000 — pagó alrededor de 1000 libras

    2.
    PRON algún lugar, algún sitio

    you'll have to find somewhere else to live — tendrás que buscarte otro sitio or lugar para vivir

    we decided to hire somewhere for the party — decidimos alquilar un lugar para la fiesta

    they broadcast from somewhere in Europe — emiten desde algún lugar de Europa

    * * *

    I ['sʌmhwer, 'sʌmweə(r)]
    1) (in, at, to a place)

    it must be somewhere in your office — tiene que estar en tu despacho, en algún lado or sitio or lugar

    shall we go somewhere else? — ¿vamos a otro sitio or lugar or lado?

    to get somewhere — avanzar*, adelantar

    we spent somewhere around $10,000 — gastamos cerca de or alrededor de 10.000 dólares


    II

    will there be somewhere open? — ¿habrá algo (or algún sitio etc) abierto?

    English-spanish dictionary > somewhere

  • 17 now

    1. adverb
    1) ((at) the present period of time: I am now living in England.) ahora
    2) (at once; immediately: I can't do it now - you'll have to wait.) ya, ahora mismo
    3) ((at) this moment: He'll be at home now; From now on, I shall be more careful about what I say to her.) ahora
    4) ((in stories) then; at that time: We were now very close to the city.) entonces
    5) (because of what has happened etc: I now know better than to trust her.) ahora
    6) (a word in explanations, warnings, commands, or to show disbelief: Now this is what happened; Stop that, now!; Do be careful, now.) entonces

    2. conjunction
    ((often with that) because or since something has happened, is now true etc: Now that you are here, I can leave; Now you have left school, you will have to find a job.) ahora que, ya que
    - for now
    - just now
    - every now and then/again
    - now and then/again
    - now
    - now!
    - now then

    now adv
    1. ahora
    we used to write by hand, but now we use computers antes escribíamos a mano, pero ahora usamos ordenadores
    2. ya
    I can't wait, I want it now! no puedo esperar, ¡lo quiero ya!
    tr[naʊ]
    where do you work now? ¿dónde trabajas ahora?
    2 (immediately) ya, ahora mismo
    do it now! ¡hazlo ya!
    3 (in past) ya, entonces
    4 (introductory) bueno, vamos a ver, veamos
    now, let's begin bueno, empecemos
    1 (Also now that) ahora que, ya que
    now (that) we're all here, we can begin ya que estamos todos, podemos empezar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    by now ya
    for now por el momento
    from now on de ahora en adelante
    just now (at this moment) en estos momentos, ahora mismo 2 (a short while ago) hace un momento, ahora mismo
    have you seen Ann? -- she was here just now ¿has visto a Ann? --estaba aquí hace un momento
    now and then de vez en cuando
    now now vale, basta, ya está bien
    now, now, don't fight vale ya, no os peleéis
    right now ahora mismo
    now ['naʊ] adv
    1) presently: ahora, ya, actualmente
    from now on: de ahora en adelante
    long before now: ya hace tiempo
    now and then: de vez en cuando
    2) immediately: ahora (mismo), inmediatamente
    do it right now!: ¡hazlo ahora mismo!
    3) then: ya, entonces
    now they were ready: ya estaban listos
    4) (used to introduce a statement, a question, a command, or a transition)
    now hear this!: ¡presten atención!
    now what do you think of that?: ¿qué piensas de eso?
    until now: hasta ahora
    by now: ya
    ten years from now: dentro de 10 años
    now conj
    now that : ahora que, ya que
    adv.
    ahora adv.
    entonces adv.
    hora adv.
    ora adv.
    pues adv.
    ya adv.
    n.
    actualidad s.f.
    momento presente s.m.
    noun (in US) = National Organization for Women
    [naʊ]
    1. ADV
    1) (of present, immediate future)
    a) (=at this time) ahora

    what shall we do now? — ¿qué hacemos ahora?

    now for something completely different — y ahora algo totalmente distinto

    not now, dear — ahora no, querido

    right now all I want to do is... — en este momento or ahora mismo, lo único que me apetece es...

    the time is now eight o'clock — son las ocho

    b) (=these days) hoy en día, ahora

    nobody would think of doing that nowhoy en día or ahora a nadie se le ocurriría hacer eso

    c) (=at last, already) ya

    can I go now? — ¿ya me puedo ir?

    d) (=immediately) ahora; (more emphatic) ya

    if we leave now, we'll be there by six — si salimos ahora or ya, estaremos allí para las seis

    it's now or neveres ahora o nunca

    I'll do it right now — lo haré ahora mismo

    they've been married now for 30 years — ya llevan 30 años casados, hace 30 años que se casaron

    it had once been the pantry but was now his office — tiempo atrás había sido la despensa, pero ahora era su estudio

    as of now — a partir de ahora

    before now — (=already) ya, antes; (=in the past) antes de ahora; (=till this moment) hasta ahora, antes

    you should have done that before now — ya tendrías que haber hecho eso, tendrías que haber hecho eso antes

    between now and next Tuesday — entre hoy y el martes que viene

    by now, they must be there by now — ya deben haber llegado

    by now it was clear that... — en ese momento ya estaba claro que...

    that will be all for now, that will do for now — por ahora or por el momento basta con eso

    (in) three weeks/100 years from now — dentro de tres semanas/100 años

    from now on(with present, future tense) a partir de ahora, de ahora en adelante; (with past tense) a partir de entonces

    till now, until now, up to now — (=till this moment) hasta ahora; (=till that moment) hasta entonces

    5) (=in these circumstances)
    a) (gen) ya

    it's raining, now we won't be able to go — está lloviendo, ya no podemos ir

    how can I believe you now? — ¿cómo puedo seguir confiando en ti?

    now what (do we do)? — ¿y ahora, qué (hacemos)?

    they won't be long now — no tardarán en venir, al rato vienen (Mex)

    now you've gone and done it! * — ¡ahora sí que la has hecho buena! *

    now look what you've done! — ¡mira lo que has hecho!

    (every) now and againde vez en cuando

    any minute or moment now — de un momento a otro

    just now — (=at this moment) ahora mismo, en este momento; (=a moment ago) hace un momento

    I'm busy just nowahora mismo or en este momento estoy ocupado

    I saw him come in just now — lo he visto entrar hace un momento, acabo de verlo entrar

    (every) now and thende vez en cuando

    here 1., 6)

    now, as you all know... — bien or bueno, como todos sabéis...

    now, some people may disagree but... — bien or bueno, puede que algunos no estén de acuerdo pero...

    now there's a coincidence! — ¡eso sí que es una coincidencia!

    now, what's everyone drinking? — a ver, ¿qué queréis tomar?

    d) (remonstrating, pacifying)

    now Fred, you don't really mean that — vamos Fred, no lo dices en serio

    now, now, don't get so upset! — ¡venga, no te pongas así!

    now, now, we'll have none of that! — ¡vale ya, nada de tonterías!

    come now, you must be hungry — venga ya, no me digas que no tienes hambre

    hush now, don't cry — shh, no llores

    now then, what's the trouble? — ¡entonces a ver! ¿cuál es el problema?

    now then, don't tease! — ¡ya está bien, deja de burlarte!

    well now, what have we here! — ¡vamos a ver! ¿qué tenemos aquí?

    8)

    now..., now...: now she dances, now she sings — liter tan pronto está bailando como cantando

    2.
    PRON
    here 3.
    3.
    CONJ
    4.
    ADJ actual
    * * *
    noun (in US) = National Organization for Women

    English-spanish dictionary > now

  • 18 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 19 somewhere

    1. adverb
    1) (in a place) irgendwo

    somewhere about or around thirty [years old] — [so (ugs.)] um die dreißig [Jahre alt]

    somewhere between five and ten — [so (ugs.)] zwischen fünf und zehn

    2) (to a place) irgendwohin

    get somewhere(coll.) (in life) es zu etwas bringen; (in a task) weiterkommen

    2. noun

    she prefers somewhere hot for her holidaysin den Ferien fährt sie am liebsten irgendwohin, wo es heiß ist

    * * *
    adverb ((American someplace) (in or to) some place not known or not named: They live somewhere in London; I won't be at home tonight - I'm going somewhere for dinner.) irgendwo
    * * *
    some·where
    [ˈsʌm(h)weəʳ, AM -(h)wer]
    adv inv
    1. (in unspecified place) irgendwo
    I think we've met \somewhere before ich glaube, wir sind uns irgendwo schon mal begegnet fam
    \somewhere around here hier irgendwo
    \somewhere else woanders, irgendwo anders
    \somewhere nice/warm irgendwo, wo es nett/warm ist
    can we go \somewhere special for dinner? können wir in ein besonderes Restaurant zum Essen gehen?
    2. (to unspecified place) irgendwohin
    \somewhere else woandershin, irgendwo anders hin
    3. (roughly) ungefähr
    the turnover is \somewhere around [or in the region of] £70.7 million die Umsätze liegen bei ungefähr 70,7 Millionen Pfund
    \somewhere between 30 and 40 so zwischen 30 und 40
    4.
    to get \somewhere Fortschritte machen, weiterkommen
    * * *
    ['sʌmwɛə(r)]
    adv
    1) be irgendwo; go irgendwohin

    somewhere else — irgendwo anders, anderswo, irgendwo anders hin, anderswohin

    to take one's business somewhere elseseine Geschäfte woanders machen

    from somewhere —

    from somewhere else — von irgendwo anders, anderswoher

    I left it somewhere or other — ich habe es irgendwo liegen/stehen lassen

    I know somewhere where... — ich weiß, wo...

    we just wanted somewhere to go after school —

    somewhere nice/cheap — irgendwo, wo es nett/billig ist

    the ideal place to go is somewhere like New Yorkam besten fährt man in eine Stadt wie New York

    2) (fig)

    the temperature was somewhere about 40° C — die Temperatur betrug ungefähr 40° C or war um die 40° (inf)

    somewhere about £50 or in the region of £50 — um (die) £ 50 herum

    the truth lies somewhere in the middle —

    somewhere between 10,000 and 20,000 people — irgendwo zwischen 10.000 und 20.000 Leute

    * * *
    1. a) irgendwo
    b) irgendwohin:
    somewhere else sonstwo(hin), woanders(hin):
    get somewhere umg Fortschritte machen;
    look for somewhere to stay eine Unterkunft suchen; academic.ru/49886/night">night Bes Redew
    2. somewhere about so etwa, um … herum:
    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) (in a place) irgendwo

    somewhere about or around thirty [years old] — [so (ugs.)] um die dreißig [Jahre alt]

    somewhere between five and ten — [so (ugs.)] zwischen fünf und zehn

    2) (to a place) irgendwohin

    get somewhere(coll.) (in life) es zu etwas bringen; (in a task) weiterkommen

    2. noun

    she prefers somewhere hot for her holidays — in den Ferien fährt sie am liebsten irgendwohin, wo es heiß ist

    * * *
    adv.
    irgendwo adv.

    English-german dictionary > somewhere

  • 20 Insight

       In October 1838 that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement "Malthus on Population," and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. (Darwin, 1911, p. 68)
       The insight of the chimpanzee shows itself to be principally determined by his optical apprehension of the situation. (KoЁhler, 1925, p. 267)
       Then I turned my attention to the study of some arithmetical questions apparently without much success and without a suspicion of any connection with my preceding researches. Disgusted with my failure, I went to spend a few days at the seaside, and thought of something else. One morning, walking on the bluff, the idea came to me, with just the same characteristics of brevity, suddenness and immediate certainty, that the arithmetic transformations of indeterminate ternary quadratic forms were identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry. (Poincareґ, 1929, p. 388)
       The direct awareness of determination... may also be called insight. When I once used this expression in a description of the intelligent behavior of apes, an unfortunate misunderstanding was, it seems, not entirely prevented.... Apparently, some readers interpreted this formulation as though it referred to a mysterious mental agent or faculty which was made responsible for the apes' behavior. Actually, nothing of this sort was intended... the concept is used in a strictly descriptive fashion. (KoЁhler, 1947, pp. 341-342)
       The task must be neither so easy that the animal solves the problem at once, thus not allowing one to analyze the solution; nor so hard that the animal fails to solve it except by rote learning in a long series of trials. With a problem of such borderline difficulty, the solution may appear out of a blue sky. There is a period first of fruitless effort in one direction, or perhaps a series of attempted solutions. Then suddenly there is a complete change in the direction of effort, and a cleancut solution of the task. This then is the first criterion of the occurrence of insight. The behavior cannot be described as a gradual accretion of learning; it is evident that something has happened in the animal at the moment of solution. (What happens is another matter.) (Hebb, 1949, p. 160)
       If the subject had not spontaneously solved the problem [of how to catch hold at the same time of two strings hung from the ceiling so wide apart that he or she could only get hold of one at a time, when the only available tool was a pair of pliers, by tying the pliers to one string and setting it into pendular motion] within ten minutes, Maier supplied him with a hint; he would "accidentally" brush against one of the strings, causing it to swing gently. Of those who solved the problem after this hint, the average interval between hint and solution was only forty-two seconds.... Most of those subjects who solved the problem immediately after the hint did so without any realization that they had been given one. The "idea" of making a pendulum with pliers seemed to arise spontaneously. (Osgood, 1960, p. 633)
       There seems to be very little reason to believe that solutions to novel problems come about in flashes of insight, independently of past experience.... People create solutions to new problems by starting with what they know and later modifying it to meet the specific problem at hand. (Weisberg, 1986, p. 50)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Insight

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